A Bright Future for Photopharmaceuticals Addressing Central Nervous System Disorders. State of the Art and Challenges Toward Clinical Translation

Photopharmacology is an innovative approach that uses light to activate drugs. This method offers the potential for highly localized and precise drug activation, making it particularly promising for the treatment of neurological disorders. Despite the enticing prospects of photopharmacology, its application to treat human central nervous system (CNS) diseases remains to be demonstrated. In this review, we provide an overview of prominent strategies for the design and activation of photopharmaceutical agents in the field of neuroscience. Photocaged and photoswitchable drugs and bioactive molecules are discussed, and an instructive list of examples is provided to highlight compound design strategies. Special emphasis is placed on photoactivatable compounds for the modulation of glutamatergic, GABAergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission for the treatment of neurological conditions, as well as various photoresponsive molecules with potential for improved pain management. Compounds holding promise for clinical translation are discussed in-depth and their potential for future applications is assessed. Neurophotopharmaceuticals have yet to achieve breakthrough in the clinic, as both light delivery and drug design have not reached full maturity. However, by describing the current state of the art and providing illustrative case studies, we offer a perspective on future opportunities in the field of neurophotopharmacology focused on addressing CNS disorders.