A Novel Approach to Non-Destructive Rubber Vulcanization Monitoring by the Transient Radar Method

Salar Tayebi; Ali Pourkazemi; Nicolas Ospitia; Kato Thibaut; Olsi Kamami; Johan Stiens

doi:10.3390/s22135010

A Novel Approach to Non-Destructive Rubber Vulcanization Monitoring by the Transient Radar Method

Salar Tayebi, Ali Pourkazemi, Nicolas Ospitia, Kato Thibaut, Olsi Kamami, Johan Stiens

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Abstract

Rubber is one of the most used materials in the world; however, raw rubber shows a relatively very low mechanical strength. Therefore, it needs to be cured before its ultimate applicatios. Curing process specifications, such as the curing time and temperature, influence the material properties of the final cured product. The transient radar method (TRM) is introduced as an alternative for vulcanization monitoring in this study. Three polyurethane-rubber samples with different curing times of 2, 4, and 5.5 min were studied by TRM to investigate the feasibility and robustness of the TRM in curing time monitoring. Additionally, the mechanical stiffness of the samples was investigated by using a unidirectional tensile test to investigate the potential correlations between curing time, dielectric permittivity, and stiffness. According to the results, the complex permittivity and stiffness of the samples with 2, 4, and 5.5 min of curing time was 17.33 ± 0.07 − (2.41 ± 0.04)j; 17.09 ± 0.05 − (4.90 ± 0.03)j; 23.60 ± 0.05 − (14.06 ± 0.06)j; and 0.29, 0.35, and 0.38 kPa, respectively. Further statistical analyses showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p = 0.06), 0.80 (p = 0.40), and 0.92 (p = 0.25) between curing time–stiffness, curing time–permittivity (real part), and curing time–permittivity (imaginary part), respectively. The correlation coefficient between curing time and permittivity can show the potential of the TRM system in contact-free vulcanization monitoring, as the impact of vulcanization can be tracked by means of TRM. View Full-Text

Original language	English
Article number	5010
Pages (from-to)	1-13
Number of pages	13
Journal	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
Volume	22
Issue number	13
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3390/s22135010
Publication status	Published - 2 Jul 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge the “SB Ph.D. fellow at FWO” (“SB-doctoraatsbursaal van het FWO”), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Research Foundation, Flan-ders, project number: 1S51122N and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, FWO, for the grant G.0337.19.N. The authors also acknowledge Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) through the SRP-project M3D2, the ETRO-IOF project IOF3016, and the OZR-VUB for the OZR3251 Medium-scale measurement infrastructure project related to Vector network analyzers, Innoviris, Brussels, through the Differential Smooth Transient Radar Method, BRGSOIB5 and TRM4aSF.

Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the “SB Ph.D. fellow at FWO” (“SB-doctoraatsbur-saal van het FWO”), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Research Foundation, Flanders, project number: 1S51122N and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, FWO, for the grant G.0337.19.N. The authors also acknowledge Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) through the SRP-project M3D2, the ETRO-IOF project IOF3016, and the OZR-VUB for the OZR3251 Medium- scale measurement infrastructure project related to Vector network analyzers, Innoviris, Brussels, through the Differential Smooth Transient Radar Method, BRGSOIB5 and TRM4aSF.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Copyright:
Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

Keywords

vulcanization monitoring
curing time
TRM
non-destructive
complex permittivity

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10.3390/s22135010Licence: CC BY

sensors-22-05010-v2Final published version, 4.03 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

@article{93cad74ee5d44be083b65351a240a014,

title = "A Novel Approach to Non-Destructive Rubber Vulcanization Monitoring by the Transient Radar Method",

abstract = "Rubber is one of the most used materials in the world; however, raw rubber shows a relatively very low mechanical strength. Therefore, it needs to be cured before its ultimate applicatios. Curing process specifications, such as the curing time and temperature, influence the material properties of the final cured product. The transient radar method (TRM) is introduced as an alternative for vulcanization monitoring in this study. Three polyurethane-rubber samples with different curing times of 2, 4, and 5.5 min were studied by TRM to investigate the feasibility and robustness of the TRM in curing time monitoring. Additionally, the mechanical stiffness of the samples was investigated by using a unidirectional tensile test to investigate the potential correlations between curing time, dielectric permittivity, and stiffness. According to the results, the complex permittivity and stiffness of the samples with 2, 4, and 5.5 min of curing time was 17.33 ± 0.07 − (2.41 ± 0.04)j; 17.09 ± 0.05 − (4.90 ± 0.03)j; 23.60 ± 0.05 − (14.06 ± 0.06)j; and 0.29, 0.35, and 0.38 kPa, respectively. Further statistical analyses showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p = 0.06), 0.80 (p = 0.40), and 0.92 (p = 0.25) between curing time–stiffness, curing time–permittivity (real part), and curing time–permittivity (imaginary part), respectively. The correlation coefficient between curing time and permittivity can show the potential of the TRM system in contact-free vulcanization monitoring, as the impact of vulcanization can be tracked by means of TRM. View Full-Text",

keywords = "vulcanization monitoring, curing time, TRM, non-destructive, complex permittivity",

author = "Salar Tayebi and Ali Pourkazemi and Nicolas Ospitia and Kato Thibaut and Olsi Kamami and Johan Stiens",

note = "Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the “SB Ph.D. fellow at FWO” (“SB-doctoraatsbursaal van het FWO”), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Research Foundation, Flan-ders, project number: 1S51122N and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, FWO, for the grant G.0337.19.N. The authors also acknowledge Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) through the SRP-project M3D2, the ETRO-IOF project IOF3016, and the OZR-VUB for the OZR3251 Medium-scale measurement infrastructure project related to Vector network analyzers, Innoviris, Brussels, through the Differential Smooth Transient Radar Method, BRGSOIB5 and TRM4aSF. Funding Information: Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the “SB Ph.D. fellow at FWO” (“SB-doctoraatsbur-saal van het FWO”), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Research Foundation, Flanders, project number: 1S51122N and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, FWO, for the grant G.0337.19.N. The authors also acknowledge Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) through the SRP-project M3D2, the ETRO-IOF project IOF3016, and the OZR-VUB for the OZR3251 Medium- scale measurement infrastructure project related to Vector network analyzers, Innoviris, Brussels, through the Differential Smooth Transient Radar Method, BRGSOIB5 and TRM4aSF. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Copyright: Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

year = "2022",

month = jul,

day = "2",

doi = "10.3390/s22135010",

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AU - Tayebi, Salar

AU - Pourkazemi, Ali

AU - Ospitia, Nicolas

AU - Thibaut, Kato

AU - Kamami, Olsi

AU - Stiens, Johan

N1 - Funding Information: The authors acknowledge the “SB Ph.D. fellow at FWO” (“SB-doctoraatsbursaal van het FWO”), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Research Foundation, Flan-ders, project number: 1S51122N and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, FWO, for the grant G.0337.19.N. The authors also acknowledge Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) through the SRP-project M3D2, the ETRO-IOF project IOF3016, and the OZR-VUB for the OZR3251 Medium-scale measurement infrastructure project related to Vector network analyzers, Innoviris, Brussels, through the Differential Smooth Transient Radar Method, BRGSOIB5 and TRM4aSF. Funding Information: Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge the “SB Ph.D. fellow at FWO” (“SB-doctoraatsbur-saal van het FWO”), Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, Research Foundation, Flanders, project number: 1S51122N and the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek-Vlaanderen, FWO, for the grant G.0337.19.N. The authors also acknowledge Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) through the SRP-project M3D2, the ETRO-IOF project IOF3016, and the OZR-VUB for the OZR3251 Medium- scale measurement infrastructure project related to Vector network analyzers, Innoviris, Brussels, through the Differential Smooth Transient Radar Method, BRGSOIB5 and TRM4aSF. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Copyright: Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2022/7/2

Y1 - 2022/7/2

N2 - Rubber is one of the most used materials in the world; however, raw rubber shows a relatively very low mechanical strength. Therefore, it needs to be cured before its ultimate applicatios. Curing process specifications, such as the curing time and temperature, influence the material properties of the final cured product. The transient radar method (TRM) is introduced as an alternative for vulcanization monitoring in this study. Three polyurethane-rubber samples with different curing times of 2, 4, and 5.5 min were studied by TRM to investigate the feasibility and robustness of the TRM in curing time monitoring. Additionally, the mechanical stiffness of the samples was investigated by using a unidirectional tensile test to investigate the potential correlations between curing time, dielectric permittivity, and stiffness. According to the results, the complex permittivity and stiffness of the samples with 2, 4, and 5.5 min of curing time was 17.33 ± 0.07 − (2.41 ± 0.04)j; 17.09 ± 0.05 − (4.90 ± 0.03)j; 23.60 ± 0.05 − (14.06 ± 0.06)j; and 0.29, 0.35, and 0.38 kPa, respectively. Further statistical analyses showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p = 0.06), 0.80 (p = 0.40), and 0.92 (p = 0.25) between curing time–stiffness, curing time–permittivity (real part), and curing time–permittivity (imaginary part), respectively. The correlation coefficient between curing time and permittivity can show the potential of the TRM system in contact-free vulcanization monitoring, as the impact of vulcanization can be tracked by means of TRM. View Full-Text

AB - Rubber is one of the most used materials in the world; however, raw rubber shows a relatively very low mechanical strength. Therefore, it needs to be cured before its ultimate applicatios. Curing process specifications, such as the curing time and temperature, influence the material properties of the final cured product. The transient radar method (TRM) is introduced as an alternative for vulcanization monitoring in this study. Three polyurethane-rubber samples with different curing times of 2, 4, and 5.5 min were studied by TRM to investigate the feasibility and robustness of the TRM in curing time monitoring. Additionally, the mechanical stiffness of the samples was investigated by using a unidirectional tensile test to investigate the potential correlations between curing time, dielectric permittivity, and stiffness. According to the results, the complex permittivity and stiffness of the samples with 2, 4, and 5.5 min of curing time was 17.33 ± 0.07 − (2.41 ± 0.04)j; 17.09 ± 0.05 − (4.90 ± 0.03)j; 23.60 ± 0.05 − (14.06 ± 0.06)j; and 0.29, 0.35, and 0.38 kPa, respectively. Further statistical analyses showed a correlation coefficient of 0.99 (p = 0.06), 0.80 (p = 0.40), and 0.92 (p = 0.25) between curing time–stiffness, curing time–permittivity (real part), and curing time–permittivity (imaginary part), respectively. The correlation coefficient between curing time and permittivity can show the potential of the TRM system in contact-free vulcanization monitoring, as the impact of vulcanization can be tracked by means of TRM. View Full-Text

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A Novel Approach to Non-Destructive Rubber Vulcanization Monitoring by the Transient Radar Method

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

FWOAL902: Unravelling Textile Reinforced Cementitious composites by means of multi-modal sensing techniques

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A Novel Approach to Non-Destructive Rubber Vulcanization Monitoring by the Transient Radar Method

Abstract

Bibliographical note

Keywords

Access to Document

Other files and links

Fingerprint

Projects

FWOAL902: Unravelling Textile Reinforced Cementitious composites by means of multi-modal sensing techniques

Cite this