Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

Nancy Chabot; David andrew; David andrew; Olivier Barnouin; Eugene Fahnestock; Derek C Richardson; Angela Stickle; Cristina Thomas; Carolyn Ernst; Ronald Daly; Elisabetta Dotto; ZINZI Angelo; Steven Chesley; Nicholas Moskovitz; Brent Barbee; Paul Abell; Harrison Agrusa; Michele Bannister; Joel Beccarelli; Dmitriy Bekker; Megan Bruck Syal; Bonnie Buratti; Michael W. Busch; Adriano Campo Bagatin; Joseph Chatelain; Isaias Chocron; Gareth Collins; Luca Conversi; Thomas Davison; Mallory E. DeCoster; Jasinghege Don Prasanna Deshapriya; Siegfried Eggl; Raymond Espiritu; Tony Farnham; Marin Ferrais; Fabio Ferrari; Dora Föhring; Oscar Fuentes-Muñoz; Igor Gai; Carmine Giordano; David Glenar; Edward Gomez; Dawn Graninger; Simon F. Green; Sarah Greenstreet; Pedro Henrique Hasselmann; Isabel Herreros; Masatoshi Hirabayashi; Marek Husarik; Simone Ieva (he/him); Cem Berk Senel

doi:10.3847/psj/ad16e6

Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

Nancy Chabot, David andrew, David andrew, Olivier Barnouin, Eugene Fahnestock, Derek C Richardson, Angela Stickle, Cristina Thomas, Carolyn Ernst, Ronald Daly, Elisabetta Dotto, ZINZI Angelo, Steven Chesley, Nicholas Moskovitz, Brent Barbee, Paul Abell, Harrison Agrusa, Michele Bannister, Joel Beccarelli, Dmitriy BekkerMegan Bruck Syal, Bonnie Buratti, Michael W. Busch, Adriano Campo Bagatin, Joseph Chatelain, Isaias Chocron, Gareth Collins, Luca Conversi, Thomas Davison, Mallory E. DeCoster, Jasinghege Don Prasanna Deshapriya, Siegfried Eggl, Raymond Espiritu, Tony Farnham, Marin Ferrais, Fabio Ferrari, Dora Föhring, Oscar Fuentes-Muñoz, Igor Gai, Carmine Giordano, David Glenar, Edward Gomez, Dawn Graninger, Simon F. Green, Sarah Greenstreet, Pedro Henrique Hasselmann, Isabel Herreros, Masatoshi Hirabayashi, Marek Husarik, Simone Ieva (he/him), Cem Berk Senel

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Abstract

NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission's Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART's achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART's kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART's investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART's successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART's kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA's Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1-24
Number of pages	24
Journal	The Planetary Science Journal
Volume	5
Issue number	49
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad16e6
Publication status	Published - 1 Feb 2024

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEO-MAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S.E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA's Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T.S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia ’Marıa de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program ( \#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

Funding Information:
The DART mission is a result of the dedicated efforts of more than a thousand people working for years to make the mission successful. DART Investigation Team and LICIACube Team members beyond those listed as coauthors are thanked for their contributions to the discussions that led to the results summarized in this paper. This work was supported by the DART mission, NASA contract 80MSFC20D0004, and by the Italian Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) within the LICIACube project (ASI-INAF agreement AC n. 2019-31-HH.0).

Funding Information:
Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEOMAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S. E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA’s Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/ S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T. S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia’Marıa de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program (\#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555.

Funding Information:
A portion of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC5207NA27344. LLNL-JRNL-854115. We appreciate the time and effort of two anonymous reviewers to review this paper.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2024. The Author(s).

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Chabot, N., andrew, D., andrew, D., Barnouin, O., Fahnestock, E., Richardson, D. C., Stickle, A., Thomas, C., Ernst, C., Daly, R., Dotto, E., Angelo, ZINZI., Chesley, S., Moskovitz, N., Barbee, B., Abell, P., Agrusa, H., Bannister, M., Beccarelli, J., ... Senel, C. B. (2024). Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission. The Planetary Science Journal, 5(49), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad16e6

@article{c8bddf6126c34aedb58758dca46116d7,

title = "Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission",

abstract = "NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission's Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART's achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART's kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART's investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART's successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART's kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA's Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.",

author = "Nancy Chabot and David andrew and David andrew and Olivier Barnouin and Eugene Fahnestock and Richardson, {Derek C} and Angela Stickle and Cristina Thomas and Carolyn Ernst and Ronald Daly and Elisabetta Dotto and ZINZI Angelo and Steven Chesley and Nicholas Moskovitz and Brent Barbee and Paul Abell and Harrison Agrusa and Michele Bannister and Joel Beccarelli and Dmitriy Bekker and Syal, {Megan Bruck} and Bonnie Buratti and Busch, {Michael W.} and Bagatin, {Adriano Campo} and Joseph Chatelain and Isaias Chocron and Gareth Collins and Luca Conversi and Thomas Davison and DeCoster, {Mallory E.} and Deshapriya, {Jasinghege Don Prasanna} and Siegfried Eggl and Raymond Espiritu and Tony Farnham and Marin Ferrais and Fabio Ferrari and Dora F{\"o}hring and Oscar Fuentes-Mu{\~n}oz and Igor Gai and Carmine Giordano and David Glenar and Edward Gomez and Dawn Graninger and Green, {Simon F.} and Sarah Greenstreet and Hasselmann, {Pedro Henrique} and Isabel Herreros and Masatoshi Hirabayashi and Marek Husarik and (he/him), {Simone Ieva} and Senel, {Cem Berk}",

note = "Funding Information: Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEO-MAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S.E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA's Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T.S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia {\textquoteright}Marıa de Maeztu{\textquoteright}) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program ( \#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Funding Information: The DART mission is a result of the dedicated efforts of more than a thousand people working for years to make the mission successful. DART Investigation Team and LICIACube Team members beyond those listed as coauthors are thanked for their contributions to the discussions that led to the results summarized in this paper. This work was supported by the DART mission, NASA contract 80MSFC20D0004, and by the Italian Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) within the LICIACube project (ASI-INAF agreement AC n. 2019-31-HH.0). Funding Information: Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEOMAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S. E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA{\textquoteright}s Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/ S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T. S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia{\textquoteright}Marıa de Maeztu{\textquoteright}) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program (\#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Funding Information: A portion of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC5207NA27344. LLNL-JRNL-854115. We appreciate the time and effort of two anonymous reviewers to review this paper. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2024. The Author(s).",

year = "2024",

month = feb,

day = "1",

doi = "10.3847/psj/ad16e6",

language = "English",

volume = "5",

pages = "1--24",

journal = "The Planetary Science Journal",

issn = "2632-3338",

publisher = "IOP Publishing",

number = "49",

}

Chabot, N, andrew, D, andrew, D, Barnouin, O, Fahnestock, E, Richardson, DC, Stickle, A, Thomas, C, Ernst, C, Daly, R, Dotto, E, Angelo, ZINZI, Chesley, S, Moskovitz, N, Barbee, B, Abell, P, Agrusa, H, Bannister, M, Beccarelli, J, Bekker, D, Syal, MB, Buratti, B, Busch, MW, Bagatin, AC, Chatelain, J, Chocron, I, Collins, G, Conversi, L, Davison, T, DeCoster, ME, Deshapriya, JDP, Eggl, S, Espiritu, R, Farnham, T, Ferrais, M, Ferrari, F, Föhring, D, Fuentes-Muñoz, O, Gai, I, Giordano, C, Glenar, D, Gomez, E, Graninger, D, Green, SF, Greenstreet, S, Hasselmann, PH, Herreros, I, Hirabayashi, M, Husarik, M, (he/him), SI & Senel, CB 2024, 'Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission', The Planetary Science Journal, vol. 5, no. 49, pp. 1-24. https://doi.org/10.3847/psj/ad16e6

TY - JOUR

T1 - Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

AU - Chabot, Nancy

AU - andrew, David

AU - Barnouin, Olivier

AU - Fahnestock, Eugene

AU - Richardson, Derek C

AU - Stickle, Angela

AU - Thomas, Cristina

AU - Ernst, Carolyn

AU - Daly, Ronald

AU - Dotto, Elisabetta

AU - Angelo, ZINZI

AU - Chesley, Steven

AU - Moskovitz, Nicholas

AU - Barbee, Brent

AU - Abell, Paul

AU - Agrusa, Harrison

AU - Bannister, Michele

AU - Beccarelli, Joel

AU - Bekker, Dmitriy

AU - Syal, Megan Bruck

AU - Buratti, Bonnie

AU - Busch, Michael W.

AU - Bagatin, Adriano Campo

AU - Chatelain, Joseph

AU - Chocron, Isaias

AU - Collins, Gareth

AU - Conversi, Luca

AU - Davison, Thomas

AU - DeCoster, Mallory E.

AU - Deshapriya, Jasinghege Don Prasanna

AU - Eggl, Siegfried

AU - Espiritu, Raymond

AU - Farnham, Tony

AU - Ferrais, Marin

AU - Ferrari, Fabio

AU - Föhring, Dora

AU - Fuentes-Muñoz, Oscar

AU - Gai, Igor

AU - Giordano, Carmine

AU - Glenar, David

AU - Gomez, Edward

AU - Graninger, Dawn

AU - Green, Simon F.

AU - Greenstreet, Sarah

AU - Hasselmann, Pedro Henrique

AU - Herreros, Isabel

AU - Hirabayashi, Masatoshi

AU - Husarik, Marek

AU - (he/him), Simone Ieva

AU - Senel, Cem Berk

N1 - Funding Information: Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEO-MAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S.E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA's Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T.S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia ’Marıa de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program ( \#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Funding Information: The DART mission is a result of the dedicated efforts of more than a thousand people working for years to make the mission successful. DART Investigation Team and LICIACube Team members beyond those listed as coauthors are thanked for their contributions to the discussions that led to the results summarized in this paper. This work was supported by the DART mission, NASA contract 80MSFC20D0004, and by the Italian Space Agency, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI) within the LICIACube project (ASI-INAF agreement AC n. 2019-31-HH.0). Funding Information: Additional support from a number of sources for individuals is also acknowledged here. For R.L., D.A.G., T.J.S.: this work was supported by the NASA/GSFC Internal Scientist Funding Model (ISFM) Exospheres, Ionospheres, Magnetospheres Modeling (EIMM) team. The work done through the Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST-II) is supported by NASA award No. 80GSFC21M0002. N.X.R. acknowledges support by the Planetary Science Division Internal Scientist Funding Program through the Fundamental Laboratory Research (FLaRe) work package. P.M. acknowledges funding from ESA, CNES, the CNRS through the MITI interdisciplinary programs. For P.M., R.L., K.W., T.S.-R., C.B.S., and A.C.B.: funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 870377, through Near Earth Object Modelling and Payloads for Protection (NEOMAPP) project (H2020-EU-2-1-6/870377, EC H2020-SPACE-718 2018-2020, H2020-SPACE-2019). R.M. and S. E. acknowledge funding from a NASA Space Technology Graduate Research Opportunities (NSTGRO) award, contract No. 80NSSC22K1173. For P.P. and P.S: this work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic, grant 20-04431S. A.M. acknowledges the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for financial support through agreement No. 2022-8-HH.0 for ESA’s Hera mission. I.H. acknowledges the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) support for international cooperation I-LINK project ILINK22061. For J.O.: this work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation/State Agency of Research MCIN/AEI by grant PID2021-125883NB-C22 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe.” For M.H.: this work was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science VEGA (grant No. 2/0059/22) and by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under contract No. APVV-19-0072. G.S.C. and T.M.D. acknowledge funding from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council, grant ST/ S000615/1. For L.M.P.: contribution was supported by the Margarita Salas postdoctoral grant funded by the Spanish Ministry of Universities—NextGenerationEU. F.F. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 101077758). For T. S.-R.: this work was also partially supported by the Spanish MICIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the “European Union” through grant PID2021-122842OB-C21, and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona (ICCUB, Unidad de Excelencia’Marıa de Maeztu’) through grant CEX2019-000918-M. For J.M.: funding support acknowledged from the DART Participating Scientist Program (\#80NSSC21K1048). For A.P.: financial support from Academy of Finland grant No. 1345115. For A.C.B.: funding support from MICINN (Spain) PGC2021, PID2021-125883NB-C21. R.N. acknowledges support from NASA/FINESST (NNH20ZDA001N). J.-Y.L. acknowledges grants HST-GO-16674, HST-GO-17292, and HST-GO-17330 from the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, under NASA contract NAS 5-26555. Funding Information: A portion of this work was conducted at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC5207NA27344. LLNL-JRNL-854115. We appreciate the time and effort of two anonymous reviewers to review this paper. Publisher Copyright: © 2024. The Author(s).

PY - 2024/2/1

Y1 - 2024/2/1

N2 - NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission's Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART's achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART's kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART's investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART's successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART's kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA's Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.

AB - NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first to demonstrate asteroid deflection, and the mission's Level 1 requirements guided its planetary defense investigations. Here, we summarize DART's achievement of those requirements. On 2022 September 26, the DART spacecraft impacted Dimorphos, the secondary member of the Didymos near-Earth asteroid binary system, demonstrating an autonomously navigated kinetic impact into an asteroid with limited prior knowledge for planetary defense. Months of subsequent Earth-based observations showed that the binary orbital period was changed by –33.24 minutes, with two independent analysis methods each reporting a 1σ uncertainty of 1.4 s. Dynamical models determined that the momentum enhancement factor, β, resulting from DART's kinetic impact test is between 2.4 and 4.9, depending on the mass of Dimorphos, which remains the largest source of uncertainty. Over five dozen telescopes across the globe and in space, along with the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, have contributed to DART's investigations. These combined investigations have addressed topics related to the ejecta, dynamics, impact event, and properties of both asteroids in the binary system. A year following DART's successful impact into Dimorphos, the mission has achieved its planetary defense requirements, although work to further understand DART's kinetic impact test and the Didymos system will continue. In particular, ESA's Hera mission is planned to perform extensive measurements in 2027 during its rendezvous with the Didymos–Dimorphos system, building on DART to advance our knowledge and continue the ongoing international collaboration for planetary defense.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85188202563&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3847/psj/ad16e6

DO - 10.3847/psj/ad16e6

M3 - Article

SN - 2632-3338

VL - 5

SP - 1

EP - 24

JO - The Planetary Science Journal

JF - The Planetary Science Journal

IS - 49

ER -

Achievement of the Planetary Defense Investigations of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission

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