Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland

Danielle Vienneau; Massimo Stafoggia; Sophia Rodopoulou; Jie Chen; Richard W. Atkinson; Mariska Bauwelinck; Jochem Klompmaker; Bente M. Oftedal; Zorana Jovanovic Andersen; Nicole A.H. Janssen; Rina So; Youn-Hee Lim; Benjamin Flückiger; Regina Ducret‐Stich; Martin Röösli; Nicole Probst‐Hensch; Nino Künzli; Maciek Strak; Evangelia Samoli; Kees de Hoogh; Bert Brunekreef; Gerard Hoek

doi:10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y

Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland

Danielle Vienneau, Massimo Stafoggia, Sophia Rodopoulou, Jie Chen, Richard W. Atkinson, Mariska Bauwelinck, Jochem Klompmaker, Bente M. Oftedal, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen, Nicole A.H. Janssen, Rina So, Youn-Hee Lim, Benjamin Flückiger, Regina Ducret‐Stich, Martin Röösli, Nicole Probst‐Hensch, Nino Künzli, Maciek Strak, Evangelia Samoli, Kees de HooghBert Brunekreef, Gerard Hoek

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Abstract

Background: Long-term exposure to air pollution and noise is detrimental to health; but studies that evaluated both remain limited. This study explores associations with natural and cause-specific mortality for a range of air pollutants and transportation noise. Methods: Over 4 million adults in Switzerland were followed from 2000 to 2014. Exposure to PM_2.5, PM_2.5 components (Cu, Fe, S and Zn), NO₂, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O₃) from European models, and transportation noise from source-specific Swiss models, were assigned at baseline home addresses. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for individual and area-level covariates, were used to evaluate associations with each exposure and death from natural, cardiovascular (CVD) or non-malignant respiratory disease. Analyses included single and two exposure models, and subset analysis to study lower exposure ranges. Results: During follow-up, 661,534 individuals died of natural causes (36.6% CVD, 6.6% respiratory). All exposures including the PM_2.5 components were associated with natural mortality, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.026 (1.015, 1.038) per 5 µg/m³ PM_2.5, 1.050 (1.041, 1.059) per 10 µg/m³ NO₂, 1.057 (1.048, 1.067) per 0.5 × 10^–5/m BC and 1.045 (1.040, 1.049) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise. NO₂, BC, Cu, Fe and noise were consistently associated with CVD and respiratory mortality, whereas PM_2.5 was only associated with CVD mortality. Natural mortality associations persisted < 20 µg/m³ for PM_2.5 and NO₂, < 1.5 10^–5/m BC and < 53 dB Lden total transportation noise. The O₃ association was inverse for all outcomes. Including noise attenuated all outcome associations, though many remained significant. Across outcomes, noise was robust to adjustment to air pollutants (e.g. natural mortality 1.037 (1.033, 1.042) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise, after including BC). Conclusion: Long-term exposure to air pollution and transportation noise in Switzerland contribute to premature mortality. Considering co-exposures revealed the importance of local traffic-related pollutants such as NO₂, BC and transportation noise.

Original language	English
Number of pages	14
Journal	Environmental Health
Volume	22
Issue number	29
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y
Publication status	Published - 27 Mar 2023

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Open access funding provided by University of Basel. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Health Effects Institute under grant 4954-RFA14-3/16-5. The research described in this Article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute, an organisation jointly funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency (assistance award number R-82811201) and several motor vehicle and engine manufacturers and other sponsors. This work was also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant nos. 3347CO-108806, 33CS30_134273 and 33CS30_148415) and the Federal Office for the Environment (Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) contract 17.0094.PJ/D49165BAD).

Funding Information:
We thank the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for providing mortality and census data and for the support which made the Swiss National Cohort and this study possible. We also acknowledge the members of the Swiss National Cohort Study Group: Matthias Egger (Chairman of the Executive Board), Adrian Spoerri and Marcel Zwahlen (all Bern), Milo Puhan (Chairman of the Scientific Board), Matthias Bopp (both Zurich), Martin Röösli (Basel), Murielle Bochud (Lausanne) and Michel Oris (Geneva).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2023, The Author(s).

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Vienneau, D., Stafoggia, M., Rodopoulou, S., Chen, J., Atkinson, R. W., Bauwelinck, M., Klompmaker, J., Oftedal, B. M., Andersen, Z. J., Janssen, N. A. H., So, R., Lim, Y.-H., Flückiger, B., Ducret‐Stich, R., Röösli, M., Probst‐Hensch, N., Künzli, N., Strak, M., Samoli, E., ... Hoek, G. (2023). Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland. Environmental Health, 22(29). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y

@article{0e350b2e5d3f4076a1fd0207115be56a,

title = "Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland",

abstract = "Background: Long-term exposure to air pollution and noise is detrimental to health; but studies that evaluated both remain limited. This study explores associations with natural and cause-specific mortality for a range of air pollutants and transportation noise. Methods: Over 4 million adults in Switzerland were followed from 2000 to 2014. Exposure to PM2.5, PM2.5 components (Cu, Fe, S and Zn), NO2, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) from European models, and transportation noise from source-specific Swiss models, were assigned at baseline home addresses. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for individual and area-level covariates, were used to evaluate associations with each exposure and death from natural, cardiovascular (CVD) or non-malignant respiratory disease. Analyses included single and two exposure models, and subset analysis to study lower exposure ranges. Results: During follow-up, 661,534 individuals died of natural causes (36.6% CVD, 6.6% respiratory). All exposures including the PM2.5 components were associated with natural mortality, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.026 (1.015, 1.038) per 5 µg/m3 PM2.5, 1.050 (1.041, 1.059) per 10 µg/m3 NO2, 1.057 (1.048, 1.067) per 0.5 × 10–5/m BC and 1.045 (1.040, 1.049) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise. NO2, BC, Cu, Fe and noise were consistently associated with CVD and respiratory mortality, whereas PM2.5 was only associated with CVD mortality. Natural mortality associations persisted < 20 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and NO2, < 1.5 10–5/m BC and < 53 dB Lden total transportation noise. The O3 association was inverse for all outcomes. Including noise attenuated all outcome associations, though many remained significant. Across outcomes, noise was robust to adjustment to air pollutants (e.g. natural mortality 1.037 (1.033, 1.042) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise, after including BC). Conclusion: Long-term exposure to air pollution and transportation noise in Switzerland contribute to premature mortality. Considering co-exposures revealed the importance of local traffic-related pollutants such as NO2, BC and transportation noise.",

author = "Danielle Vienneau and Massimo Stafoggia and Sophia Rodopoulou and Jie Chen and Atkinson, {Richard W.} and Mariska Bauwelinck and Jochem Klompmaker and Oftedal, {Bente M.} and Andersen, {Zorana Jovanovic} and Janssen, {Nicole A.H.} and Rina So and Youn-Hee Lim and Benjamin Fl{\"u}ckiger and Regina Ducret‐Stich and Martin R{\"o}{\"o}sli and Nicole Probst‐Hensch and Nino K{\"u}nzli and Maciek Strak and Evangelia Samoli and {de Hoogh}, Kees and Bert Brunekreef and Gerard Hoek",

note = "Funding Information: Open access funding provided by University of Basel. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Health Effects Institute under grant 4954-RFA14-3/16-5. The research described in this Article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute, an organisation jointly funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency (assistance award number R-82811201) and several motor vehicle and engine manufacturers and other sponsors. This work was also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant nos. 3347CO-108806, 33CS30_134273 and 33CS30_148415) and the Federal Office for the Environment (Bundesamt f{\"u}r Umwelt (BAFU) contract 17.0094.PJ/D49165BAD). Funding Information: We thank the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for providing mortality and census data and for the support which made the Swiss National Cohort and this study possible. We also acknowledge the members of the Swiss National Cohort Study Group: Matthias Egger (Chairman of the Executive Board), Adrian Spoerri and Marcel Zwahlen (all Bern), Milo Puhan (Chairman of the Scientific Board), Matthias Bopp (both Zurich), Martin R{\"o}{\"o}sli (Basel), Murielle Bochud (Lausanne) and Michel Oris (Geneva). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023, The Author(s).",

year = "2023",

month = mar,

day = "27",

doi = "10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y",

language = "English",

volume = "22",

journal = "Environmental Health",

issn = "1476-069X",

publisher = "BioMed Central",

number = "29",

}

Vienneau, D, Stafoggia, M, Rodopoulou, S, Chen, J, Atkinson, RW, Bauwelinck, M, Klompmaker, J, Oftedal, BM, Andersen, ZJ, Janssen, NAH, So, R, Lim, Y-H, Flückiger, B, Ducret‐Stich, R, Röösli, M, Probst‐Hensch, N, Künzli, N, Strak, M, Samoli, E, de Hoogh, K, Brunekreef, B & Hoek, G 2023, 'Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland', Environmental Health, vol. 22, no. 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y

TY - JOUR

T1 - Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland

AU - Vienneau, Danielle

AU - Stafoggia, Massimo

AU - Rodopoulou, Sophia

AU - Chen, Jie

AU - Atkinson, Richard W.

AU - Bauwelinck, Mariska

AU - Klompmaker, Jochem

AU - Oftedal, Bente M.

AU - Andersen, Zorana Jovanovic

AU - Janssen, Nicole A.H.

AU - So, Rina

AU - Lim, Youn-Hee

AU - Flückiger, Benjamin

AU - Ducret‐Stich, Regina

AU - Röösli, Martin

AU - Probst‐Hensch, Nicole

AU - Künzli, Nino

AU - Strak, Maciek

AU - Samoli, Evangelia

AU - de Hoogh, Kees

AU - Brunekreef, Bert

AU - Hoek, Gerard

N1 - Funding Information: Open access funding provided by University of Basel. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Health Effects Institute under grant 4954-RFA14-3/16-5. The research described in this Article was conducted under contract to the Health Effects Institute, an organisation jointly funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency (assistance award number R-82811201) and several motor vehicle and engine manufacturers and other sponsors. This work was also supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant nos. 3347CO-108806, 33CS30_134273 and 33CS30_148415) and the Federal Office for the Environment (Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU) contract 17.0094.PJ/D49165BAD). Funding Information: We thank the Swiss Federal Statistical Office for providing mortality and census data and for the support which made the Swiss National Cohort and this study possible. We also acknowledge the members of the Swiss National Cohort Study Group: Matthias Egger (Chairman of the Executive Board), Adrian Spoerri and Marcel Zwahlen (all Bern), Milo Puhan (Chairman of the Scientific Board), Matthias Bopp (both Zurich), Martin Röösli (Basel), Murielle Bochud (Lausanne) and Michel Oris (Geneva). Publisher Copyright: © 2023, The Author(s).

PY - 2023/3/27

Y1 - 2023/3/27

N2 - Background: Long-term exposure to air pollution and noise is detrimental to health; but studies that evaluated both remain limited. This study explores associations with natural and cause-specific mortality for a range of air pollutants and transportation noise. Methods: Over 4 million adults in Switzerland were followed from 2000 to 2014. Exposure to PM2.5, PM2.5 components (Cu, Fe, S and Zn), NO2, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) from European models, and transportation noise from source-specific Swiss models, were assigned at baseline home addresses. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for individual and area-level covariates, were used to evaluate associations with each exposure and death from natural, cardiovascular (CVD) or non-malignant respiratory disease. Analyses included single and two exposure models, and subset analysis to study lower exposure ranges. Results: During follow-up, 661,534 individuals died of natural causes (36.6% CVD, 6.6% respiratory). All exposures including the PM2.5 components were associated with natural mortality, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.026 (1.015, 1.038) per 5 µg/m3 PM2.5, 1.050 (1.041, 1.059) per 10 µg/m3 NO2, 1.057 (1.048, 1.067) per 0.5 × 10–5/m BC and 1.045 (1.040, 1.049) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise. NO2, BC, Cu, Fe and noise were consistently associated with CVD and respiratory mortality, whereas PM2.5 was only associated with CVD mortality. Natural mortality associations persisted < 20 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and NO2, < 1.5 10–5/m BC and < 53 dB Lden total transportation noise. The O3 association was inverse for all outcomes. Including noise attenuated all outcome associations, though many remained significant. Across outcomes, noise was robust to adjustment to air pollutants (e.g. natural mortality 1.037 (1.033, 1.042) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise, after including BC). Conclusion: Long-term exposure to air pollution and transportation noise in Switzerland contribute to premature mortality. Considering co-exposures revealed the importance of local traffic-related pollutants such as NO2, BC and transportation noise.

AB - Background: Long-term exposure to air pollution and noise is detrimental to health; but studies that evaluated both remain limited. This study explores associations with natural and cause-specific mortality for a range of air pollutants and transportation noise. Methods: Over 4 million adults in Switzerland were followed from 2000 to 2014. Exposure to PM2.5, PM2.5 components (Cu, Fe, S and Zn), NO2, black carbon (BC) and ozone (O3) from European models, and transportation noise from source-specific Swiss models, were assigned at baseline home addresses. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for individual and area-level covariates, were used to evaluate associations with each exposure and death from natural, cardiovascular (CVD) or non-malignant respiratory disease. Analyses included single and two exposure models, and subset analysis to study lower exposure ranges. Results: During follow-up, 661,534 individuals died of natural causes (36.6% CVD, 6.6% respiratory). All exposures including the PM2.5 components were associated with natural mortality, with hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.026 (1.015, 1.038) per 5 µg/m3 PM2.5, 1.050 (1.041, 1.059) per 10 µg/m3 NO2, 1.057 (1.048, 1.067) per 0.5 × 10–5/m BC and 1.045 (1.040, 1.049) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise. NO2, BC, Cu, Fe and noise were consistently associated with CVD and respiratory mortality, whereas PM2.5 was only associated with CVD mortality. Natural mortality associations persisted < 20 µg/m3 for PM2.5 and NO2, < 1.5 10–5/m BC and < 53 dB Lden total transportation noise. The O3 association was inverse for all outcomes. Including noise attenuated all outcome associations, though many remained significant. Across outcomes, noise was robust to adjustment to air pollutants (e.g. natural mortality 1.037 (1.033, 1.042) per 10 dB Lden total transportation noise, after including BC). Conclusion: Long-term exposure to air pollution and transportation noise in Switzerland contribute to premature mortality. Considering co-exposures revealed the importance of local traffic-related pollutants such as NO2, BC and transportation noise.

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U2 - 10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y

DO - 10.1186/s12940-023-00983-y

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C2 - 36967400

SN - 1476-069X

VL - 22

JO - Environmental Health

JF - Environmental Health

IS - 29

ER -

Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland

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