Digital implementation of the PID controller

This paper discusses the appropriate way of implementing the PID controller in the software. This work can be seen as a tutorial that teaches the important concepts of the PID controller. The PID controller equation presented in most undergraduate textbooks is in the continuous Laplace domain. To implement the PID controller in the software the continuous Laplace domain equation must be transformed into the difference equation. Once transformed into a difference equation, this equation can be implemented to develop a digital PID controller to control any closed-loop system. This concept is discussed in this paper with the help of software that is developed to control a ball balancing beam.