Gendering the Diversification of Diversity: The Belgian Hijab (in) Question.

This paper presents an analysis of the recent headscarf debate in Belgium, and particularly explores to what extent issues of gender equality and feminist arguments were central to the discussion. It is argued that compared to France, concerns about secularity and state-neutrality, national identity and equality, all find resonance in the Belgian context, but are articulated in a more ambiguous and less principled way. This partly explains the paradoxical situation in which, despite a widespread resistance to a general law banning the wearing of religious symbols in public schools, in practice, headscarf prohibitions are on the rise throughout various regions of the country. Although issues of gender equality and cultural diversity often cut and flow across debates and policies in European nation-states, the Belgian hijab question provides a rather unique case, due to various lines of fracture and processes of increasing diversification that characterize Belgian society.