Abstract
Results are presented for the measurement of large-scale anisotropies in the arrival directions of ultra–high-energy cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory during 19 yr of operation, prior to AugerPrime, the upgrade of the observatory. The 3D dipole amplitude and direction are reconstructed above 4 EeV in four energy bins. Besides the established dipolar anisotropy in R.A. above 8 EeV, the Fourier amplitude of the 8–16 EeV energy bin is now also above the 5σ discovery level. No time variation of the dipole moment above 8 EeV is found, setting an upper limit to the rate of change of such variations of 0.3% yr−1 at the 95% confidence level. Additionally, the results for the angular power spectrum are shown, demonstrating no other statistically significant multipoles. The results for the equatorial dipole component down to 0.03 EeV are presented, using for the first time a data set obtained with a trigger that has been optimized for lower energies. Finally, model predictions are discussed and compared with observations, based on two source emission scenarios obtained in the combined fit of spectrum and composition above 0.6 EeV.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 48 |
| Number of pages | 13 |
| Journal | Astrophysical Journal |
| Volume | 976 |
| Issue number | 1 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Nov 2024 |
Bibliographical note
Funding Information:Argentina\u2014Comisi\u00F3n Nacional de Energ\u00EDa At\u00F3mica; Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00F3n Cient\u00EDfica y Tecnol\u00F3gica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas y T\u00E9cnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malarg\u00FCe; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Le\u00F1as; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia\u2014the Australian Research Council; Belgium\u2014Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Marie Curie Action of the European Union grant No. 101107047; Brazil\u2014Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo \u00E0 Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant Nos. 2019/10151-2, 2010/07359-6, and 1999/05404-3; Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (MCTIC); Czech Republic\u2014GACR 24-13049S, CAS LQ100102401, MEYS LM2023032, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16 013/0001402, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18 046/0016010, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17 049/0008422, and CZ.02.01.01/00/22 008/0004632; France\u2014Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil R\u00E9gional Ile-de-France; D\u00E9partement Physique Nucl\u00E9aire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); D\u00E9partement Sciences de l\u2019Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d\u2019Avenir Programme grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany\u2014Bundesministerium f\u00FCr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium f\u00FCr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium f\u00FCr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg; Italy\u2014Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00E0 e della Ricerca (MUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE), ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by European Union NextGenerationEU, reference code CN 00000013; M\u00E9xico\u2014Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00EDa (CONACYT) No. 167733; Universidad Nacional Aut\u00F3noma de M\u00E9xico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; the Netherlands\u2014Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland\u2014Ministry of Education and Science, grant Nos. DIR/WK/2018/11 and 2022/WK/12; National Science Centre, grant Nos. 2016/22/M/ST9/00198, 2016/23/B/ST9/01635, 2020/39/B/ST9/01398, and 2022/45/B/ST9/02163; Portugal\u2014Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania\u2014Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, contract No. 30N/2023 under Romanian National Core Program LAPLAS VII, grant No. PN 23 21 01 02 and project No. PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0924/TE57/2022, within PNCDI III; Slovenia\u2014Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, N1-0111; Spain\u2014Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n/Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n (PID2019-105544GB-I00, PID2022-140510NB-I00, and RYC2019-027017-I), Xunta de Galicia (CIGUS Network of Research Centers, Consolidaci\u00F3n 2021 GRC GI-2033, ED431C-2021/22, and ED431F-2022/15), Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa (SOMM17/6104/UGR and P18-FR-4314), and the European Union (Marie Sklodowska-Curie 101065027 and ERDF); USA\u2014Department of Energy, contract Nos. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, grant Nos. 0450696 and NSF-2013199; the Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; and UNESCO.
Funding Information:
The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malarg\u00FCe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina\u2014Comisi\u00F3n Nacional de Energ\u00EDa At\u00F3mica; Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00F3n Cient\u00EDfica y Tecnol\u00F3gica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00EDficas y T\u00E9cnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malarg\u00FCe; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Le\u00F1as; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia\u2014the Australian Research Council; Belgium\u2014Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS); Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Marie Curie Action of the European Union grant No. 101107047; Brazil\u2014Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00EDfico e Tecnol\u00F3gico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Funda\u00E7\u00E3o de Amparo \u00E0 Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); S\u00E3o Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant Nos. 2019/10151-2, 2010/07359-6, and 1999/ 05404-3; Minist\u00E9rio da Ci\u00EAncia, Tecnologia, Inova\u00E7\u00F5es e Comunica\u00E7\u00F5es (MCTIC); Czech Republic\u2014GACR 24-13049S, CAS LQ100102401, MEYS LM2023032, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16 013/ 0001402, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18 046/0016010, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/ 0.0/17 049/0008422, and CZ.02.01.01/00/22 008/0004632; France\u2014Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil R\u00E9gional Ile-de-France; D\u00E9partement Physique Nucl\u00E9aire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/ CNRS); D\u00E9partement Sciences de l\u2019Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) grant No. LABEX ANR-10LABX-63 within the Investissements d\u2019Avenir Programme grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany\u2014Bundesministerium f\u00FCr Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium f\u00FCr Kultur und Wissenschaft des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium f\u00FCr Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-W\u00FCrttemberg; Italy\u2014Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell\u2019Universit\u00E0 e della Ricerca (MUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE), ICSC Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing, Big Data and Quantum Computing, funded by European Union NextGenerationEU, reference code CN 00000013; M\u00E9xico\u2014Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00EDa (CONACYT) No. 167733; Universidad Nacional Aut\u00F3noma de M\u00E9xico (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; the Netherlands\u2014Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland\u2014Ministry of Education and Science, grant Nos. DIR/WK/2018/11 and 2022/WK/12; National Science Centre, grant Nos. 2016/22/M/ST9/00198, 2016/23/B/ST9/01635, 2020/39/B/ST9/01398, and 2022/45/ B/ST9/02163; Portugal\u2014Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Funda\u00E7\u00E3o para a Ci\u00EAncia e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania\u2014Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitization, CNCS-UEFISCDI, contract No. 30N/2023 under Romanian National Core Program LAPLAS VII, grant No. PN 23 21 01 02 and project No. PN-III-P1-1.1-TE-2021-0924/TE57/2022, within PNCDI III; Slovenia\u2014Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, N1-0111; Spain\u2014Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00F3n/Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00F3n (PID2019-105544GB-I00, PID2022-140510NB-I00, and RYC2019-027017-I), Xunta de Galicia (CIGUS Network of Research Centers, Consolidaci\u00F3n 2021 GRC GI-2033, ED431C-2021/22, and ED431F-2022/15), Junta de Andaluc\u00EDa (SOMM17/6104/UGR and P18-FR-4314), and the European Union (Marie Sklodowska-Curie 101065027 and ERDF); USA\u2014Department of Energy, contract Nos. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DEFG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, grant Nos. 0450696 and NSF-2013199; the Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; and UNESCO.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.
Keywords
- Thesaurus concepts
- Ultra-high-energy cosmic radiation (1733)
- Unified Astronomy