Modeling the behavior of an autonomous shuttle for the evaluation of last-mile solutions

This paper models the behavior of an autonomous shuttle for last-mile application scenarios. To simulate the energy consumption, the real-world dynamical and electrical data of an autonomous pilot shuttle tested in the Brussels Capital Region are measured. Simulation results show 94.5-96.4% accuracy after validation. To simulate the speed profile of future scenarios, the trajectory is divided into eight sections, each with particular characteristics regarding the type of the road and, thus, different maximum opera- tional speeds. The shuttle’s speed profile is reconstructed using the Gipps model based on the segmentation. As the speed profile simulation results match the shuttle’s real-world behavior, the model is applied for speed profile generation of future scenarios. Last-mile scenarios’ evaluation is accomplished using the presented model.