Nitrogen fixation in the Southern Ocean: a case of study of the Fe-fertilized Kerguelen region (KEOPS II cruise)

N2 fixation rates were measured during the KEOPS 2 cruise in the HNLC area of Southern Ocean and in naturally iron-fertilized waters (Kerguelen Island 49.25°S, 69.58°E) using the 15N isotopic technique. We detected N2 fixation within the mixed layer at all stations, from the surface to 140 m depth. The data shows high variability with rates 5 ranging between 0.42 and 20.11 nmol N L−1d−1. The highest rates were concentrated in the euphotic layer and maximum values were obtained north of Polar Front (station F-L), which coincide with a positive N∗ ([NO3]–16[PO4]), high chlorophyll concentration and dissolved iron. N2 fixation rates were also obtained in stations with moderate (A3-2;E-4W) and also low (R-2) iron levels as well as Chl a, suggesting that beside the micro- 10bial biomass, its composition/structure is a driving factor controlling N2fixation activities. Molecular analysis showed a diazotrophic community dominated by heterotrophic bacterioplankton. Size fractioned experiments indicated that most of N2 fixating activities came from < 5 µm community and it was on line with molecular analysis revealing a low diversity diazotrophic community dominated by heterotrophic bacterioplankton. This study shows for first time N2 fixation is occurring in the Southern Ocean, at rates exceeding previous reports for high latitudes. Our findings suggest an indirect role of dFe in the regulation of N2 fixation through the enhancement of regenerated primary production and the availability of phytoplankton-derived dissolved organic matter, which in turn may stimulate heterotrophic bacterioplankton.