Persistence of situational language balance in bilingual switching: Evidence from carryover of proactive language control

Proactive language control is thought to regulate the interference from the nontarget language in
bilingual contexts in a sustained way. This study examined the persistence of proactive control in
cued picture naming. Participants first named pictures in L1 (German) and L2 (English) in pure
blocks, then in mixed language blocks and finally again in pure blocks. In mixed blocks, there
were language switch costs, and L1 responses were generally slower than L2 responses
(“L1 slowing”). Critically, L1 remained slower than L2 even in postmixing single-language
blocks. This persisting L1 slowing suggests overshooting control that downregulates lexical
access to L1 representations in a sustained manner. Yet, this persistence of L1 slowing was found
only in the first single-language block after the mixed language blocks and no longer in the
second postmixing block, suggesting that proactive control has inertia but dissipates over time.