TY - JOUR
T1 - Prospective Environmental Impacts of Passenger Cars under Different Energy and Steel Production Scenarios
AU - Koroma, Michael Samsu
AU - Messagie, Maarten
AU - Cardellini, Giuseppe
AU - Brown, Nils
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments: We acknowledge Flanders Make for the support of MOBI research group. The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their comments. Thanks to Daniele Costa, Maria Luisa Lode, Julian Jacques Ruddick, and Evgenii Genov for proofreading the manuscript.
Funding Information:
The research was funded by the MOBI Research Group from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and through the EU Horizon 2020 project REFLEX—Analysis of the European Energy System (grant agreement number 691685). The APC was funded by the MOBI Research Group.
Publisher Copyright:
.
Copyright:
Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2020/11/26
Y1 - 2020/11/26
N2 - The potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overall environmental performance. This study contributes by integrating expected changes in future energy, iron, and steel production in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs. In this light, the study examines the impacts of changes in these parameters on producing and charging future EVs. Future battery electric vehicles (BEV) could have a 36–53% lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to current BEV. The change in source of electricity generation accounts for 89% of GWP reductions over the BEV’s life cycle. Thus, it presents the highest GWP reduction potential of 35– 48%. The use of hydrogen for direct reduction of iron in steelmaking (HDR-I) is expected to reduce vehicle production GWP by 17% compared to current technology. By accounting for 9% of the life cycle GWP reductions, HDR-I has the second-highest reduction potential (1.3–4.8%). The results also show that the potential for energy efficiency improvement measures for GWP reduction in vehicle and battery manufacture would be more beneficial when applied now than in the distant future (2050), when the CO2 intensity of the EU electricity is expected to be lower. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the high share of renewable energy in vehicle supply chains contributed to a decrease in all air pollution-related impact categories, but an increase in toxicity-related categories, as well as land use and water consumption.
AB - The potential environmental impacts of producing and using future electric vehicles (EVs) are important given their expected role in mitigating global climate change and local air pollutants. Recently, studies have begun assessing the effect of potential future changes in EVs supply chains on overall environmental performance. This study contributes by integrating expected changes in future energy, iron, and steel production in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of EVs. In this light, the study examines the impacts of changes in these parameters on producing and charging future EVs. Future battery electric vehicles (BEV) could have a 36–53% lower global warming potential (GWP) compared to current BEV. The change in source of electricity generation accounts for 89% of GWP reductions over the BEV’s life cycle. Thus, it presents the highest GWP reduction potential of 35– 48%. The use of hydrogen for direct reduction of iron in steelmaking (HDR-I) is expected to reduce vehicle production GWP by 17% compared to current technology. By accounting for 9% of the life cycle GWP reductions, HDR-I has the second-highest reduction potential (1.3–4.8%). The results also show that the potential for energy efficiency improvement measures for GWP reduction in vehicle and battery manufacture would be more beneficial when applied now than in the distant future (2050), when the CO2 intensity of the EU electricity is expected to be lower. Interestingly, under the same conditions, the high share of renewable energy in vehicle supply chains contributed to a decrease in all air pollution-related impact categories, but an increase in toxicity-related categories, as well as land use and water consumption.
KW - Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
KW - Battery Electric Vehicles
KW - Prospective LCA
KW - Plug-in electric vehicles
KW - Fossil-free steel
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85106587256&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/en13236236
DO - 10.3390/en13236236
M3 - Article
SN - 1996-1073
VL - 13
JO - Energies
JF - Energies
IS - 23
M1 - 6236
ER -