Tactile sensor-based real-time clustering for tissue differentiation

PurposeReliable intraoperative delineation of tumor from healthy brain tissue is essentially based on the neurosurgeon's visual aspect and tactile impression of the considered tissue, which isdue to inherent low brain consistency contrasta challenging task. Development of an intelligent artificial intraoperative tactile perception will be a relevant task to improve the safety during surgery, especially whenas for neuroendoscopytactile perception will be damped oras for surgical robotic applicationswill not be a priori existent. Here, we present the enhancements and the evaluation of a tactile sensor based on the use of a piezoelectric tactile sensor. MethodsA robotic-driven piezoelectric bimorph sensor was excited using multisine to obtain the frequency response function of the contact between the sensor and fresh ex vivo porcine tissue probes. Based on load-depth, relaxation and creep response tests, viscoelastic parameters E-1 and E-2 for the elastic moduli and for the viscosity coefficient have been obtained allowing tissue classification. Data analysis was performed by a multivariate cluster algorithm.ResultsCluster algorithm assigned five clusters for the assignment of white matter, basal ganglia and thalamus probes. Basal ganglia and white matter have been assigned to a common cluster, revealing a less discriminatory power for these tissue types, whereas thalamus was exclusively delineated; gray matter could even be separated in subclusters.ConclusionsBimorph-based, multisine-excited tactile sensors reveal a high sensitivity in ex vivo tissue-type differentiation. Although, the sensor principle has to be further evaluated, these data are promising.