The Application of Odd Random Phase Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (ORP EIS) in Biological Sensing Applications

As it provides information about processes taking place at multiple time scales in one single experiment, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is traditionally used to unravel reaction mechanisms in electrochemical reactions, batteries, fuel cells, corrosion processes and other applications. In these cases, the impedance is recorded as a function of the frequency. The spectrum that is generated is subsequently analyzed to gather information over the system studied. REsponses in different zones of the spectrum can then be related to specific process or components of the system, e.g. the electrochemical double layer, an organic layer, a charge transfer reaction or diffusion. These identifications are however based on a preceding study of these phenomena, resulting in an electrically equivalent representation of the phenomenon. Due to the power if EIS to investigate complex systems, more and more application s in the field of biology and medicine emerge. EIS serves as the basis for analytical sensors, in medical imaging, in cell culture monitoring or is used in a biomass monitor.