Bell’s Inequalities and Entanglement in Corpora of Italian Language

We analyse the results of three information retrieval tests on conceptual combinations that
we have recently performed using corpora of Italian language. Each test has the form of a
‘Bell-type test’ and was aimed at identifying ‘quantum entanglement’ in the combination,
or composition, of two concepts. In the first two tests, we studied the Italian translation of
the combination The Animal Acts, while in the third test, we studied the Italian translation
of the combination The Animal eats the Food. We found a significant violation of Bell’s
inequalities in all tests. Empirical patterns confirm the results obtained with corpora of
English language, which indicates the existence of deep structures in concept formation
that are language independent. The systematic violation of Bell’s inequalities suggests the
presence of entanglement, and indeed, we elaborate here a ‘quantum model in Hilbert
space’ for the collected data. This investigation supports our theoretical hypothesis about
entanglement as a phenomenon of ‘contextual updating’, independent of the nature, micro-
physical or conceptual-linguistic, of the entities involved. Finally, these findings allow us
to further clarify the mutual relationships between entanglement, Cirel’son’s bound, and
no-signalling in Bell-type situations.