@article{af04f3d5bed746caaf180a17a5f2306d,
title = "Determining Electric Fields in Thunderclouds With the Radiotelescope LOFAR",
abstract = "An analysis is presented of electric fields in thunderclouds using a recently proposed method based on measuring radio emission from extensive air shower events during thunderstorm conditions. This method can be regarded as a tomography of thunderclouds using cosmic rays as probes. The data cover the period from December 2011 till August 2014. We have developed an improved fitting procedure to be able to analyze the data. Our measurements show evidence for the main negative‐charge layer near the −10° isotherm. This we have seen for a winter as well as for a summer cloud where multiple events pass through the same cloud and also the vertical component of the electric field could be reconstructed. On the day of measurement of some cosmic‐ray events showing evidence for strong fields, no lightning activity was detected within 100 km distance. For the winter events, the top heights were between 5 and 6 km, while in the summer, typical top heights of 9 km were seen. Large horizontal components in excess of 70 kV/m of the electric fields are observed in the middle and top layers.",
keywords = "astro-ph.HE",
author = "Stijn Buitink and Olaf Scholten and Arthur Corstanje and Tim Huege and J{\"o}rg H{\"o}randel and Krampah, {Godwin Komla} and Pragati Mitra and Katharine Mulrey and Hershal Pandya and Rachen, {J{\"o}rg Paul} and Tobias Winchen",
note = "Funding Information: The LOFAR Cosmic Ray Key Science Project acknowledges funding from an Advanced Grant of the European Research Council (ERC) (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement No. 227610. The project has also received funding from the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 640130). We furthermore acknowledge financial support from Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) (FOM-project 12PR304) and Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) (VENI Grant 639-041-130). A.?N. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (NE 2031/2-1). T.?W. is supported by DFG Grant 4946/1-1. This research is also funded by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Grant 103.01-2019.378. LOFAR, the Low-Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON, has facilities in several countries, which are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources) and are collectively operated by the International LOFAR Telescope foundation under a joint scientific policy. The data are available from the LOFAR Long Term Archive (lta.lofar.eu), under the following locations: TBB/vhecr/lora/L38302_D20111214T210227_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L38302_D20111214T211001_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L38302_D20111214T211434_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L57483_D20120426T152233_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L62880_D20120728T022021_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L64023_D20120826T135223_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L64023_D20120826T140256_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L64023_D20120826T142819_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L82651_D20121230T123837_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L165282_D20130726T121726_tbb.tar TBB/vhecr/lora/L233027_D20140627T144403_tbb.tar All of them with the same prefix srm.grid.sara.nl/pnfs/grid.sara.nl/data/lofar/ops/ Funding Information: The LOFAR Cosmic Ray Key Science Project acknowledges funding from an Advanced Grant of the European Research Council (ERC) (FP/2007‐2013)/ERC Grant Agreement No. 227610. The project has also received funding from the ERC under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 640130). We furthermore acknowledge financial support from Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) (FOM‐project 12PR304) and Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO) (VENI Grant 639‐041‐130). A. N. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (NE 2031/2‐1). T. W. is supported by DFG Grant 4946/1‐1. This research is also funded by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Grant 103.01‐2019.378. LOFAR, the Low‐Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON, has facilities in several countries, which are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources) and are collectively operated by the International LOFAR Telescope foundation under a joint scientific policy. The data are available from the LOFAR Long Term Archive (lta.lofar.eu), under the following locations: Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2020. The Authors.",
year = "2020",
month = apr,
day = "27",
doi = "10.1029/2019JD031433",
language = "English",
volume = "125",
journal = "Journal of geophysical research. Atmospheres",
issn = "2169-897X",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "8",
}