Internal preheat method for NMC batteries at cold climate conditions

Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) performance can be significantly declined if they are operated at cold climates. To prevent this, and in order to maintain their optimal operation, a preheat process is crucial to take place. This process can be achieved internally by applying constant amplitude and frequency bi-directional pulse currents at the battery cell. In this paper, a validated to experimental results, electro-thermal model coupled to a lifetime model of a lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) pouch battery cell is proposed, to calculate the heat transfer and energy efficiencies as well as the degradation costs, during operation of the aforesaid preheat technique.