The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene

Barbara Goudsmit-Harzevoort; Angelique Lansu; Michiel L.J. Baatsen; Anna S. von der Heydt; Niels J. de Winter; Yurui Zhang; Ayako Abe-Ouchi; Agatha de Boer; Wing Le Chan; Yannick Donnadieu; David K. Hutchinson; Gregor Knorr; Jean Baptiste Ladant; Polina Morozova; Igor Niezgodzki; Sebastian Steinig; Aradhna Tripati; Zhongshi Zhang; Jiang Zhu; Martin Ziegler

doi:10.1029/2022PA004532

The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene

Barbara Goudsmit-Harzevoort, Angelique Lansu, Michiel L.J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Niels J. de Winter, Yurui Zhang, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Agatha de Boer, Wing Le Chan, Yannick Donnadieu, David K. Hutchinson, Gregor Knorr, Jean Baptiste Ladant, Polina Morozova, Igor Niezgodzki, Sebastian Steinig, Aradhna Tripati, Zhongshi Zhang, Jiang Zhu, Martin Ziegler

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Estimates of global mean near-surface air temperature (global SAT) for the Cenozoic era rely largely on paleo-proxy data of deep-sea temperature (DST), with the assumption that changes in global SAT covary with changes in the global mean deep-sea temperature (global DST) and global mean sea-surface temperature (global SST). We tested the validity of this assumption by analyzing the relationship between global SST, SAT, and DST using 25 different model simulations from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project simulating the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) with varying CO₂ levels. Similar to the modern situation, we find limited spatial variability in DST, indicating that local DST estimates can be regarded as a first order representative of global DST. In line with previously assumed relationships, linear regression analysis indicates that both global DST and SAT respond stronger to changes in atmospheric CO₂ than global SST by a similar factor. Consequently, this model-based analysis validates the assumption that changes in global DST can be used to estimate changes in global SAT during the early Cenozoic. Paleo-proxy estimates of global DST, SST, and SAT during EECO show the best fit with model simulations with a 1,680 ppm atmospheric CO₂ level. This matches paleo-proxies of EECO atmospheric CO₂, indicating a good fit between models and proxy-data.

Originele taal-2	English
Artikelnummer	e2022PA004532
Tijdschrift	Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Volume	38
Nummer van het tijdschrift	3
DOI's	https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004532
Status	Published - mrt 2023

Bibliografische nota

Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for their insightful review of the manuscript. This study has been conducted using E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information: https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00165 ; https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021 ; https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00052 . The study contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2022. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. The research was performed using model data output from the Deep‐Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP). The DeepMIP model simulations were carried out by Jiang Zhu with support from Christopher J. Poulsen and Jessica E. Tierney (CESM), Igor Niezgodzki with support from Gregor Knorr and Gerrit Lohmann (COSMOS), David K. Hutchinson with support from Agatha M. de Boer and Helen K. Coxall (GFDL), Fran Bragg and Sebastian Steinig with support from Paul J. Valdes (HadCM3), Polina Morozova and Evgeny M. Volodin (INMCM), Jean‐Baptiste Ladant, Pierre Sepulchre and Yannick Donnadieu (IPSL), Wing‐Le Chan with support from Ayako Abe‐Ouchi (MIROC), Zhongshi Zhang with support from Petra M. Langebroek (NorESM). Christopher J. Hollis and Tom Dunkley Jones led the compilation of the DeepMIP database. Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner coordinated the study. Barbara Goudsmit‐Harzevoort acknowledges support from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). Martin Ziegler acknowledges the NWO (Netherlands Science Foundation) for support of the VIDI Grant 016.161.365. Michiel Baatsen and Anna von der Heydt acknowledge support of the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Yurai Zhang was supported by the Fundamental Research for the Central University (Grant 20720210079). Agatha de Boer acknowledges support from Swedish Research Council Grant 2020‐04791. David K. Hutchinson acknowledges support from Swedish Research Council Grant 2016‐03912 and Australian Research Council Grant DE220100279. Polina Morozova (INMCM simulations) was supported by the state assignment project no. FMGE‐2019‐0009, Megagrant Project (agreement no. 075‐2021‐599,8.06.2021). Sebastian Steinig acknowledges funding from the NERC SWEET Grant NE/P01903X/1. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. The GFDL simulations were performed using resources from the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council Grant 2018‐05973. MIROC4m simulations were performed on the Earth Simulator supercomputer and funded by JSPS KAKENHI Grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI Grant 17H06.

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© 2023. The Authors.

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Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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98657305Final published version, 3,05 MBLicentie: CC BY

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Goudsmit-Harzevoort, B., Lansu, A., Baatsen, M. L. J., von der Heydt, A. S., de Winter, N. J., Zhang, Y., Abe-Ouchi, A., de Boer, A., Chan, W. L., Donnadieu, Y., Hutchinson, D. K., Knorr, G., Ladant, J. B., Morozova, P., Niezgodzki, I., Steinig, S., Tripati, A., Zhang, Z., Zhu, J., & Ziegler, M. (2023). The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 38(3), [e2022PA004532]. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004532

Goudsmit-Harzevoort, Barbara ; Lansu, Angelique ; Baatsen, Michiel L.J. ; von der Heydt, Anna S. ; de Winter, Niels J. ; Zhang, Yurui ; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako ; de Boer, Agatha ; Chan, Wing Le ; Donnadieu, Yannick ; Hutchinson, David K. ; Knorr, Gregor ; Ladant, Jean Baptiste ; Morozova, Polina ; Niezgodzki, Igor ; Steinig, Sebastian ; Tripati, Aradhna ; Zhang, Zhongshi ; Zhu, Jiang ; Ziegler, Martin. / The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene. In: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology. 2023 ; Vol. 38, Nr. 3.

@article{df3f7d2b47124514893a0a7a8fa9cae7,

title = "The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene",

abstract = "Estimates of global mean near-surface air temperature (global SAT) for the Cenozoic era rely largely on paleo-proxy data of deep-sea temperature (DST), with the assumption that changes in global SAT covary with changes in the global mean deep-sea temperature (global DST) and global mean sea-surface temperature (global SST). We tested the validity of this assumption by analyzing the relationship between global SST, SAT, and DST using 25 different model simulations from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project simulating the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) with varying CO2 levels. Similar to the modern situation, we find limited spatial variability in DST, indicating that local DST estimates can be regarded as a first order representative of global DST. In line with previously assumed relationships, linear regression analysis indicates that both global DST and SAT respond stronger to changes in atmospheric CO2 than global SST by a similar factor. Consequently, this model-based analysis validates the assumption that changes in global DST can be used to estimate changes in global SAT during the early Cenozoic. Paleo-proxy estimates of global DST, SST, and SAT during EECO show the best fit with model simulations with a 1,680 ppm atmospheric CO2 level. This matches paleo-proxies of EECO atmospheric CO2, indicating a good fit between models and proxy-data.",

keywords = "climate sensitivity, deep-sea temperature, DeepMIP, early Eocene, model-data comparison",

author = "Barbara Goudsmit-Harzevoort and Angelique Lansu and Baatsen, {Michiel L.J.} and {von der Heydt}, {Anna S.} and {de Winter}, {Niels J.} and Yurui Zhang and Ayako Abe-Ouchi and {de Boer}, Agatha and Chan, {Wing Le} and Yannick Donnadieu and Hutchinson, {David K.} and Gregor Knorr and Ladant, {Jean Baptiste} and Polina Morozova and Igor Niezgodzki and Sebastian Steinig and Aradhna Tripati and Zhongshi Zhang and Jiang Zhu and Martin Ziegler",

note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for their insightful review of the manuscript. This study has been conducted using E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information: https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00165 ; https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021 ; https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00052 . The study contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2022. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. The research was performed using model data output from the Deep‐Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP). The DeepMIP model simulations were carried out by Jiang Zhu with support from Christopher J. Poulsen and Jessica E. Tierney (CESM), Igor Niezgodzki with support from Gregor Knorr and Gerrit Lohmann (COSMOS), David K. Hutchinson with support from Agatha M. de Boer and Helen K. Coxall (GFDL), Fran Bragg and Sebastian Steinig with support from Paul J. Valdes (HadCM3), Polina Morozova and Evgeny M. Volodin (INMCM), Jean‐Baptiste Ladant, Pierre Sepulchre and Yannick Donnadieu (IPSL), Wing‐Le Chan with support from Ayako Abe‐Ouchi (MIROC), Zhongshi Zhang with support from Petra M. Langebroek (NorESM). Christopher J. Hollis and Tom Dunkley Jones led the compilation of the DeepMIP database. Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner coordinated the study. Barbara Goudsmit‐Harzevoort acknowledges support from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). Martin Ziegler acknowledges the NWO (Netherlands Science Foundation) for support of the VIDI Grant 016.161.365. Michiel Baatsen and Anna von der Heydt acknowledge support of the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Yurai Zhang was supported by the Fundamental Research for the Central University (Grant 20720210079). Agatha de Boer acknowledges support from Swedish Research Council Grant 2020‐04791. David K. Hutchinson acknowledges support from Swedish Research Council Grant 2016‐03912 and Australian Research Council Grant DE220100279. Polina Morozova (INMCM simulations) was supported by the state assignment project no. FMGE‐2019‐0009, Megagrant Project (agreement no. 075‐2021‐599,8.06.2021). Sebastian Steinig acknowledges funding from the NERC SWEET Grant NE/P01903X/1. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. The GFDL simulations were performed using resources from the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council Grant 2018‐05973. MIROC4m simulations were performed on the Earth Simulator supercomputer and funded by JSPS KAKENHI Grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI Grant 17H06. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023. The Authors. Copyright: Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

year = "2023",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1029/2022PA004532",

language = "English",

volume = "38",

journal = "Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology",

issn = "2572-4517",

publisher = "American Geophysical Union",

number = "3",

}

Goudsmit-Harzevoort, B, Lansu, A, Baatsen, MLJ, von der Heydt, AS, de Winter, NJ, Zhang, Y, Abe-Ouchi, A, de Boer, A, Chan, WL, Donnadieu, Y, Hutchinson, DK, Knorr, G, Ladant, JB, Morozova, P, Niezgodzki, I, Steinig, S, Tripati, A, Zhang, Z, Zhu, J & Ziegler, M 2023, 'The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene', Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, vol. 38, nr. 3, e2022PA004532. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022PA004532

The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene. / Goudsmit-Harzevoort, Barbara; Lansu, Angelique; Baatsen, Michiel L.J.; von der Heydt, Anna S.; de Winter, Niels J.; Zhang, Yurui; Abe-Ouchi, Ayako; de Boer, Agatha; Chan, Wing Le; Donnadieu, Yannick; Hutchinson, David K.; Knorr, Gregor; Ladant, Jean Baptiste; Morozova, Polina; Niezgodzki, Igor; Steinig, Sebastian; Tripati, Aradhna; Zhang, Zhongshi; Zhu, Jiang; Ziegler, Martin.

In: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, Vol. 38, Nr. 3, e2022PA004532, 03.2023.

Onderzoeksoutput: Article › peer review

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene

AU - Goudsmit-Harzevoort, Barbara

AU - Lansu, Angelique

AU - Baatsen, Michiel L.J.

AU - von der Heydt, Anna S.

AU - de Winter, Niels J.

AU - Zhang, Yurui

AU - Abe-Ouchi, Ayako

AU - de Boer, Agatha

AU - Chan, Wing Le

AU - Donnadieu, Yannick

AU - Hutchinson, David K.

AU - Knorr, Gregor

AU - Ladant, Jean Baptiste

AU - Morozova, Polina

AU - Niezgodzki, Igor

AU - Steinig, Sebastian

AU - Tripati, Aradhna

AU - Zhang, Zhongshi

AU - Zhu, Jiang

AU - Ziegler, Martin

N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers and the associate editor for their insightful review of the manuscript. This study has been conducted using E.U. Copernicus Marine Service Information: https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00165 ; https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00021 ; https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00052 . The study contains modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2022. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. The research was performed using model data output from the Deep‐Time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP). The DeepMIP model simulations were carried out by Jiang Zhu with support from Christopher J. Poulsen and Jessica E. Tierney (CESM), Igor Niezgodzki with support from Gregor Knorr and Gerrit Lohmann (COSMOS), David K. Hutchinson with support from Agatha M. de Boer and Helen K. Coxall (GFDL), Fran Bragg and Sebastian Steinig with support from Paul J. Valdes (HadCM3), Polina Morozova and Evgeny M. Volodin (INMCM), Jean‐Baptiste Ladant, Pierre Sepulchre and Yannick Donnadieu (IPSL), Wing‐Le Chan with support from Ayako Abe‐Ouchi (MIROC), Zhongshi Zhang with support from Petra M. Langebroek (NorESM). Christopher J. Hollis and Tom Dunkley Jones led the compilation of the DeepMIP database. Daniel J. Lunt, Matthew Huber, and Bette L. Otto‐Bliesner coordinated the study. Barbara Goudsmit‐Harzevoort acknowledges support from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ). Martin Ziegler acknowledges the NWO (Netherlands Science Foundation) for support of the VIDI Grant 016.161.365. Michiel Baatsen and Anna von der Heydt acknowledge support of the program of the Netherlands Earth System Science Centre (NESSC), financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (OCW). Yurai Zhang was supported by the Fundamental Research for the Central University (Grant 20720210079). Agatha de Boer acknowledges support from Swedish Research Council Grant 2020‐04791. David K. Hutchinson acknowledges support from Swedish Research Council Grant 2016‐03912 and Australian Research Council Grant DE220100279. Polina Morozova (INMCM simulations) was supported by the state assignment project no. FMGE‐2019‐0009, Megagrant Project (agreement no. 075‐2021‐599,8.06.2021). Sebastian Steinig acknowledges funding from the NERC SWEET Grant NE/P01903X/1. The CESM project is supported primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF). This material is based upon work supported by the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), which is a major facility sponsored by the NSF under Cooperative Agreement 1852977. The GFDL simulations were performed using resources from the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Centre (NSC), partially funded by the Swedish Research Council Grant 2018‐05973. MIROC4m simulations were performed on the Earth Simulator supercomputer and funded by JSPS KAKENHI Grant 17H06104 and MEXT KAKENHI Grant 17H06. Publisher Copyright: © 2023. The Authors. Copyright: Copyright 2023 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2023/3

Y1 - 2023/3

N2 - Estimates of global mean near-surface air temperature (global SAT) for the Cenozoic era rely largely on paleo-proxy data of deep-sea temperature (DST), with the assumption that changes in global SAT covary with changes in the global mean deep-sea temperature (global DST) and global mean sea-surface temperature (global SST). We tested the validity of this assumption by analyzing the relationship between global SST, SAT, and DST using 25 different model simulations from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project simulating the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) with varying CO2 levels. Similar to the modern situation, we find limited spatial variability in DST, indicating that local DST estimates can be regarded as a first order representative of global DST. In line with previously assumed relationships, linear regression analysis indicates that both global DST and SAT respond stronger to changes in atmospheric CO2 than global SST by a similar factor. Consequently, this model-based analysis validates the assumption that changes in global DST can be used to estimate changes in global SAT during the early Cenozoic. Paleo-proxy estimates of global DST, SST, and SAT during EECO show the best fit with model simulations with a 1,680 ppm atmospheric CO2 level. This matches paleo-proxies of EECO atmospheric CO2, indicating a good fit between models and proxy-data.

AB - Estimates of global mean near-surface air temperature (global SAT) for the Cenozoic era rely largely on paleo-proxy data of deep-sea temperature (DST), with the assumption that changes in global SAT covary with changes in the global mean deep-sea temperature (global DST) and global mean sea-surface temperature (global SST). We tested the validity of this assumption by analyzing the relationship between global SST, SAT, and DST using 25 different model simulations from the Deep-Time Model Intercomparison Project simulating the early Eocene Climatic Optimum (EECO) with varying CO2 levels. Similar to the modern situation, we find limited spatial variability in DST, indicating that local DST estimates can be regarded as a first order representative of global DST. In line with previously assumed relationships, linear regression analysis indicates that both global DST and SAT respond stronger to changes in atmospheric CO2 than global SST by a similar factor. Consequently, this model-based analysis validates the assumption that changes in global DST can be used to estimate changes in global SAT during the early Cenozoic. Paleo-proxy estimates of global DST, SST, and SAT during EECO show the best fit with model simulations with a 1,680 ppm atmospheric CO2 level. This matches paleo-proxies of EECO atmospheric CO2, indicating a good fit between models and proxy-data.

KW - climate sensitivity

KW - deep-sea temperature

KW - DeepMIP

KW - early Eocene

KW - model-data comparison

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U2 - 10.1029/2022PA004532

DO - 10.1029/2022PA004532

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:85151079030

VL - 38

JO - Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology

JF - Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology

SN - 2572-4517

IS - 3

M1 - e2022PA004532

ER -

The Relationship Between the Global Mean Deep-Sea and Surface Temperature During the Early Eocene

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