Twin- model framework development for a comprehensive battery lifetime prediction validated with a realistic driving profile

Lithium-ion technologies have become the most attractive and selected choice for battery electric vehicles. However, the understanding of battery aging is still a complex and nonlinear experience which is critical to the modeling methodologies. In this work, a comprehensive lifetime modeling twin framework following semi-empirical methodology has been developed to predict the crucial degradation outputs accurately in terms of capacity fade and resistance increase. The constructed model considers all the relevant aging influential factors for commercial nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) Li-ion cells based on long-term laboratory-level investigation and combines both the cycle life and the calendar life aspects. To demonstrate robustness, the model is validated with a real-life worldwide harmonized light-duty test cycle (WLTC). The model can precisely predict the capacity fade and the internal resistance growth with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 1.31% and 0.56%, respectively. The developed model can be used as an advanced online tool forecasting the lifetime based on dynamic profiles.