Understanding Control: Insights from Non-Violent Resistance and Luhmann's Systems Theory in Aggression Against First Responders and Public Transport Staff

The desire to exert control over others is a central theme in social and interpersonal relationships. This study compares two theoretical approaches to control: the Non-Violent Resistance (NVR) theory by Omer and Luhmann's Systems Theory (ST), with a focus on friction and co-dependence. NVR posits that control over others is an illusion, asserting that individuals can only exercise control over their own actions and responses. It provides practical guidelines for non-violent intervention through self-discipline and presence, emphasizing respect for the autonomy of others. In contrast, Luhmann's ST offers a more abstract framework, understanding control as an emergent process arising from the friction and mutual dependence of autonomous social systems. These approaches are particularly significant in studying aggression against first responders and public transportation staff. NVR’s emphasis on self-regulation and de-escalation offers practical strategies for mitigating high-stress situations without compromising professional authority, making it ideal for direct, high-pressure interactions. Luhmann’s theory, by examining systemic interdependencies and the role of friction, provides insights into the broader organizational and societal factors that influence these conflicts. Together, these theories offer a nuanced understanding of how control, autonomy, and conflict intersect in complex, high-stakes environments. This theoretical dialogue sheds new light on the intricate balance between individual agency, systemic structures, and the constructive role of conflict in social interactions.